Class Talk Fall 2016

Claire Gillette, Alysha Payne, Jenny Mallen, Alyssa Alvarado, Alexia Bronaugh

Who? Most commonly people with chronic liver disease, hepatitis B and C infections, and cirrhosis. This means it is most common in males older than 45, Asians and Pacific Islanders.

What? The liver is a common site of metastasis however, when the tumor originates in the liver, the most common type is hepatocellular carcinoma. Alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are used to determine if the cancer originated in the liver or if it metastasized from elsewhere.

When? Signs and symptoms: pain (dull ache in right upper quadrant, epigastrium, or back), weight loss, loss of strength, anorexia, and anemia. May have enlarged liver, jaundice, and ascites.

Where? Liver cancer originates in the liver but may metastasize to other areas of the body (primarily to the lungs).

Why? High risks include cigarette smoking, especially in combination with alcohol use, injection drug users, and obesity.

 

Group Activity – Hepatitis B (Christine Martinez, Brianna Hanzmann, Genevieve Cragoe)

Who? (Who gets it) Intravenous drug abusers, sexually activity with multiple partners, healthcare personnel, hemodialysis patients

What? (What is it – pathophysiology) Systemic viral infection; acute – jaundice, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, rashes, marked elevations in serum liver function tests; chronic – asymptomatic, detected by blood tests, cirrhosis, portal HTN, hepatocellular carcinoma

When? (Frequency, when, related to?) Occurs when exposed to blood or other bodily fluids; once transmitted there is a long incubation

Where? (Systems affected) Causes necrosis and inflammation in the liver, spleen enlarged and palpable, lymph nodes enlarged

Why? (Why does this occur – Risk factors) Transferred through blood, percutaneous, permucosal routes; can be transmitted through mucous membranes and breaks in the skin

 

Who? (Who gets it?)(population) : alcoholics, women are at greater risk

What? (What is it?)(Pathophysiology) : It is the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue around the portal areas

When? (frequency, when, related to?)(presentations, SS): between the ages of 40-60, insidious onset and protractive course occurring over 30 years, presents with abdominal pain due to the recent rapid enlargement of the liver, the liver will then decrease in size because of the scar tissue, portal obstructions and ascites are late manifestions, indigestion, jaundice, peripheral edema due to overproduction of aldosterone, mental deterioration, vitamin deficiency and anemia, bacterial peritonitis and risk of infection, GI varices

Where? (systems affected) (organs involved): organs affected are the skin, spleen, GI tract, and liver, brain

Why? (why does this occur) (risk factors): alcohol abuse because it causes necrosis of the liver cells

 

Who? (Who gets it?)(population) : alcoholics, women are at greater risk

What? (What is it?)(Pathophysiology) : It is the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue around the portal areas

When? (frequency, when, related to?)(presentations, SS): between the ages of 40-60, insidious onset and protractive course occurring over 30 years, presents with abdominal pain due to the recent rapid enlargement of the liver, the liver will then decrease in size because of the scar tissue, portal obstructions and ascites are late manifestions, indigestion, jaundice, peripheral edema due to overproduction of aldosterone, mental deterioration, vitamin deficiency and anemia, bacterial peritonitis and risk of infection, GI varices

Where? (systems affected) (organs involved): organs affected are the skin, spleen, GI tract, and liver, brain

Why? (why does this occur) (risk factors): alcohol abuse because it causes necrosis of the liver cells

 

Who? (Who gets it?)(population) : alcoholics, women are at greater risk

What? (What is it?)(Pathophysiology) : It is the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue around the portal areas

When? (frequency, when, related to?)(presentations, SS): between the ages of 40-60, insidious onset and protractive course occurring over 30 years, presents with abdominal pain due to the recent rapid enlargement of the liver, the liver will then decrease in size because of the scar tissue, portal obstructions and ascites are late manifestions, indigestion, jaundice, peripheral edema due to overproduction of aldosterone, mental deterioration, vitamin deficiency and anemia, bacterial peritonitis and risk of infection, GI varices

Where? (systems affected) (organs involved): organs affected are the skin, spleen, GI tract, and liver, brain

Why? (why does this occur) (risk factors): alcohol abuse because it causes necrosis of the liver cells

 

Who? (Who gets it?)(population) : alcoholics, women are at greater risk

What? (What is it?)(Pathophysiology) : It is the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue around the portal areas

When? (frequency, when, related to?)(presentations, SS): between the ages of 40-60, insidious onset and protractive course occurring over 30 years, presents with abdominal pain due to the recent rapid enlargement of the liver, the liver will then decrease in size because of the scar tissue, portal obstructions and ascites are late manifestions, indigestion, jaundice, peripheral edema due to overproduction of aldosterone, mental deterioration, vitamin deficiency and anemia, bacterial peritonitis and risk of infection, GI varices

Where? (systems affected) (organs involved): organs affected are the skin, spleen, GI tract, and liver, brain

Why? (why does this occur) (risk factors): alcohol abuse because it causes necrosis of the liver cells

 

Who? (Who gets it?)(population) : alcoholics, women are at greater risk

What? (What is it?)(Pathophysiology) : It is the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue around the portal areas

When? (frequency, when, related to?)(presentations, SS): between the ages of 40-60, insidious onset and protractive course occurring over 30 years, presents with abdominal pain due to the recent rapid enlargement of the liver, the liver will then decrease in size because of the scar tissue, portal obstructions and ascites are late manifestions, indigestion, jaundice, peripheral edema due to overproduction of aldosterone, mental deterioration, vitamin deficiency and anemia, bacterial peritonitis and risk of infection, GI varices

Where? (systems affected) (organs involved): organs affected are the skin, spleen, GI tract, and liver

Why? (why does this occur) (risk factors): alcohol abuse because it causes necrosis of the liver cells

Spironolactone is a class of potassium-sparing diuretics that is mainly used to manage primary hyperaldosteronism and edema that is associated with heart failure. It may also be administered for the treatment of hypokalemia, in that it counteracts potassium loss that may be caused by other diuretics. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it acts to conserve the amount of sodium within the body. Therefore, it is highly contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency, renal impairment, hyperkalemia, or Addison’s disease.

It’s highly advised for nurses to assess their patients frequently for development of hyperkalemia, and to watch for symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesia, confusion, dyspnea, or cardiac arrythmias. In addition, skin rashes may frequently occur during treatment therapy and should be discontinued at the first sign of rashes. Serum potassium levels should routinely be evaluated, as well as BUN, serum creatinine, and electrolytes, as these are important ways to measure proper kidney functioning.

Spironolactone is a class of potassium-sparing diuretics that is mainly used to manage primary hyperaldosteronism and edema that is associated with heart failure. It may also be administered for the treatment of hypokalemia, in that it counteracts potassium loss that may be caused by other diuretics. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it acts to conserve the amount of sodium within the body. Therefore, it is highly contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency, renal impairment, hyperkalemia, or Addison’s disease.

It’s highly advised for nurses to assess their patients frequently for development of hyperkalemia, and to watch for symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesia, confusion, dyspnea, or cardiac arrythmias. In addition, skin rashes may frequently occur during treatment therapy and should be discontinued at the first sign of rashes. Serum potassium levels should routinely be evaluated, as well as BUN, serum creatinine, and electrolytes, as these are important ways to measure proper kidney functioning.

Spironolactone is a class of potassium-sparing diuretics that is mainly used to manage primary hyperaldosteronism and edema that is associated with heart failure. It may also be administered for the treatment of hypokalemia, in that it counteracts potassium loss that may be caused by other diuretics. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it acts to conserve the amount of sodium within the body. Therefore, it is highly contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency, renal impairment, hyperkalemia, or Addison’s disease.

It’s highly advised for nurses to assess their patients frequently for development of hyperkalemia, and to watch for symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesia, confusion, dyspnea, or cardiac arrythmias. In addition, skin rashes may frequently occur during treatment therapy and should be discontinued at the first sign of rashes. Serum potassium levels should routinely be evaluated, as well as BUN, serum creatinine, and electrolytes, as these are important ways to measure proper kidney functioning.